Keyword – regulation

Dunai, Tamás:

Developmental Disorders

In July 2023, the Government Office of the Capital City Budapest (BFKH) imposed a 12 million forints consumer protection fine on the Líra bookstore network for failing to wrap, as prescribed by law, a young adult graphic novel depicting gay love called Heartstopper. Comics are not the main focus of the discourse on wrapping LGBTQ books in Hungary, yet it is not entirely coincidental that a graphic novel has become the case in point provoking nationwide interest. This paper suggests that this is partly owing to the medial and developmental characteristics of comics as a medium. Medial in that comics is a visual medium and its content is apparent at first sight, so similar attacks have occurred throughout its history, and developmental in that contemporary comics are diverse in terms of genre and content and hence LGBTQ comics have a more marked presence than they did a few decades ago.

Keywords: bookseller, comics, comics publishing, distribution, regulation

Gálik, Mihály:

Setting about

The launch of satellite television services in the 1980s challenged the regulation of the television industry in Europe as these services, called television without frontiers (TWF), emerged on the previously closed markets of European countries. The need for a common regulatory framework within the European Economic Community (EEC) led to the enacting of the TWF directive in 1989. Responding to technical and economic innovations in the television industry, the TWF directive was modified decade after decade. The recent proposal for regulation by the European Parliament and the Council (the European Media Freedom Act, abbreviated EMFA) is to establish a common framework for media services in the internal market and is amending directive 2010/13/EU on audiovisual services. EMFA covers all media services and as such it is representing a legal innovation within the European Union

Keywords: European Union, market, media freedom, media services, regulation

Rita, Szabó-Gödri – Gergely, Gosztonyi:

Influencers at the intersection of law and ethics

This paper examines the legal frameworks regulating influencers both in Hungary and internationally. With the rise of social media and influencer marketing, the legal and ethical aspects of influencers’ activities have become increasingly important. While there is no unified legislation specifically governing influencers in Hungary, the Hungarian Competition Authority and other regulatory agencies have issued multiple guidelines to ensure transparency in advertising practices. This study compares Hungarian regulatory approaches with practices in other European countries. Its findings suggest that the role of influencers continues to expand, necessitating the dynamic development of legal frameworks and the refinement of regulations to enhance transparency and consumer protection.

Keywords: AVMS, DSA, Hungarian Competition Authority, influencer, National Media and Infocommunications Authority, regulation, opinion leader, social media